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Alex Widener Has Created a Port of Art Tools for Os X

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Operating organization from IBM

"CP/DOS" redirects hither. For the similarly named Digital Inquiry operating arrangement, see CP/Thousand.

OS/2
OS/2 Logo
OS/2 Warp 4

OS/2 Warp four desktop. This version was released on 25 September 1996.[1]

Developer IBM
Microsoft (1.0–one.three)
Written in C, C++ and assembly language
Working state Historical, now developed as ArcaOS
Source model Closed source
Initial release December 1987; 34 years agone  (1987-12)
Latest release 4.52 / December 2001; 20 years agone  (2001-12)
Marketing target Professionals, servers
Bachelor in Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian
Platforms x86, PowerPC
Kernel blazon Hybrid kernel
Influenced by MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS
Default
user interface		 Workplace Shell Graphical user interface
License Proprietary
Succeeded by Showtime by eComStation, then ArcaOS
Official website Os/2 Warp (Archived)

Os/ii (Operating Organisation/two) is a series of computer operating systems, initially created by Microsoft and IBM under the leadership of IBM software designer Ed Iacobucci.[two] As a result of a feud between the two companies over how to position Os/2 relative to Microsoft's new Windows three.i operating surround,[3] the two companies severed the human relationship in 1992 and Os/2 development fell to IBM exclusively.[4] The name stands for "Operating System/2", because information technology was introduced as part of the same generation change release as IBM's "Personal Organization/2 (PS/2)" line of second-generation personal computers. The first version of Os/two was released in December 1987 and newer versions were released until December 2001.

Bone/2 was intended as a protected-mode successor of PC DOS. Notably, basic system calls were modeled afterward MS-DOS calls; their names even started with "Dos" and it was possible to create "Family unit Fashion" applications – text mode applications that could piece of work on both systems.[5] Because of this heritage, Os/2 shares similarities with Unix, Xenix, and Windows NT.

IBM discontinued its support for Bone/2 on 31 December 2006.[half dozen] Since so, OS/two has been developed, supported and sold by two unlike 3rd-political party vendors nether license from IBM – first past Serenity Systems as eComStation since 2001,[vii] and later by Arca Noae LLC as ArcaOS since 2017.[8] [9] [10]

Evolution history [edit]

1985–1989: Articulation development [edit]

Os/2 i.0 featured a text-mode interface like to MS-DOS.

The development of OS/2 began when IBM and Microsoft signed the "Articulation Development Agreement" in Baronial 1985.[11] [12] Information technology was code-named "CP/DOS" and it took two years for the first production to be delivered.

Bone/2 one.0 was appear in April 1987 and released in December. The original release is textmode-simply, and a GUI was introduced with Os/2 i.i most a year afterwards. OS/2 features an API for controlling the video display (VIO) and treatment keyboard and mouse events so that programmers writing for protected mode need not telephone call the BIOS or access hardware directly. Other evolution tools included a subset of the video and keyboard APIs as linkable libraries so that family unit mode programs are able to run under MS-DOS,[ citation needed ] and, in the Bone/2 Extended Edition v1.0, a database engine called Database Managing director or DBM (this was related to DB2, and should not exist confused with the DBM family of database engines for Unix and Unix-similar operating systems).[13] A chore-switcher named Program Selector was bachelor through the Ctrl-Esc hotkey combination, allowing the user to select amongst multitasked text-mode sessions (or screen groups; each can run multiple programs).[14]

Communications and database-oriented extensions were delivered in 1988, every bit part of OS/2 i.0 Extended Edition: SNA, X.25/APPC/LU 6.2, LAN Managing director, Query Director, SQL.

OS/2 1.1 was the start version to characteristic the Presentation Managing director GUI.

The promised user interface, Presentation Director, was introduced with Os/2 one.i in October 1988.[xv] It had a similar user interface to Windows 2.1, which was released in May of that year. (The interface was replaced in versions 1.ii and one.three past a look closer in appearance to Windows iii.0).

The Extended Edition of 1.1, sold but through IBM sales channels, introduced distributed database support to IBM database systems and SNA communications support to IBM mainframe networks.

In 1989, Version ane.ii introduced Installable Filesystems and, notably, the HPFS filesystem. HPFS provided a number of improvements over the older Fatty file arrangement, including long filenames and a class of alternate information streams called Extended Attributes.[xvi] In improver, extended attributes were also added to the Fat file arrangement.[17]

Installation Disk A of Microsoft Os/2 1.3 (3½-inch floppy disk)

The Extended Edition of 1.2 introduced TCP/IP and Ethernet back up.

OS/2- and Windows-related books of the late 1980s acknowledged the existence of both systems and promoted Bone/2 every bit the arrangement of the future.[18]

1990: Breakup [edit]

The collaboration between IBM and Microsoft unravelled in 1990, between the releases of Windows three.0 and OS/2 1.3. During this fourth dimension, Windows 3.0 became a tremendous success, selling millions of copies in its beginning twelvemonth.[19] Much of its success was because Windows 3.0 (along with MS-DOS) was bundled with most new computers.[20] OS/2, on the other hand, was bachelor just as an boosted stand-alone software package. In addition, OS/2 lacked device drivers for many common devices such as printers, especially non-IBM hardware.[21] Windows, on the other hand, supported a much larger diverseness of hardware. The increasing popularity of Windows prompted Microsoft to shift its development focus from cooperating on OS/two with IBM to edifice its ain business organisation based on Windows.[22]

Several technical and practical reasons contributed to this breakdown.

The two companies had pregnant differences in culture and vision. Microsoft favored the open up hardware organisation approach that contributed to its success on the PC. IBM sought to use OS/2 to drive sales of its own hardware, and urged Microsoft to driblet features, such as fonts, that IBM'south hardware did not support. Microsoft programmers also became frustrated with IBM's hierarchy and its use of lines of lawmaking to measure out programmer productivity.[23] IBM developers complained about the terseness and lack of comments in Microsoft'due south code, while Microsoft developers complained that IBM's code was bloated.[24]

The two products accept meaning differences in API. Bone/2 was announced when Windows 2.0 was well-nigh completion, and the Windows API already divers. Yet, IBM requested that this API exist significantly changed for Bone/2.[25] Therefore, issues surrounding application compatibility appeared immediately. OS/2 designers hoped for source code conversion tools, assuasive complete migration of Windows awarding source lawmaking to OS/ii at some point. Nonetheless, OS/2 1.x did non proceeds plenty momentum to permit vendors to avoid developing for both Bone/2 and Windows in parallel.

Os/two one.iii was the terminal sixteen-bit only version of Os/ii, and the last to be sold past Microsoft.

OS/2 1.x targets the Intel 80286 processor and DOS fundamentally doesn't. IBM insisted on supporting the 80286 processor, with its 16-bit segmented retentiveness mode, considering of commitments made to customers who had purchased many 80286-based PS/2s equally a result of IBM's promises surrounding Os/two.[26] Until release two.0 in Apr 1992, OS/two ran in sixteen-bit protected style and therefore could not benefit from the Intel 80386'south much simpler 32-scrap flat memory model and virtual 8086 mode features. This was peculiarly painful in providing support for DOS applications. While, in 1988, Windows/386 ii.1 could run several cooperatively multitasked DOS applications, including expanded memory (Ems) emulation, OS/2 1.three, released in 1991, was still limited to one 640 kB "DOS box".

Given these problems, Microsoft started to work in parallel on a version of Windows which was more future-oriented and more than portable. The hiring of Dave Cutler, former VAX/VMS architect, in 1988 created an immediate contest with the Os/2 squad, as Cutler did non think much of the OS/2 engineering science and wanted to build on his piece of work on the MICA projection at Digital rather than creating a "DOS plus". His NT OS/ii was a completely new architecture.[27]

IBM grew concerned about the delays in development of Os/2 2.0. Initially, the companies agreed that IBM would accept over maintenance of Bone/2 1.0 and development of Os/2 ii.0, while Microsoft would continue evolution of OS/2 3.0. In the end, Microsoft decided to recast NT OS/two three.0 every bit Windows NT, leaving all future OS/2 development to IBM. From a business perspective, it was logical to concentrate on a consumer line of operating systems based on DOS and Windows, and to prepare a new high-cease organization in such a fashion as to keep good compatibility with existing Windows applications. While it waited for this new high-terminate arrangement to develop, Microsoft would yet receive licensing money from Xenix and Bone/2 sales. Windows NT'south Os/two heritage tin can be seen in its initial support for the HPFS filesystem, text mode OS/2 1.x applications, and OS/2 LAN Manager network support. Some early NT materials even included Bone/2 copyright notices embedded in the software.[ citation needed ] 1 example of NT OS/two i.x back up is in the WIN2K resource kit. Windows NT could as well support Os/2 1.x Presentation Manager and AVIO applications with the addition of the Windows NT Improver Subsystem for Presentation Director.[28]

1992: 32-bit era [edit]

Os/2 2.0 was the first 32-flake release of Bone/2, and the first to feature the Workplace Shell.

OS/two ii.0 was released in April 1992. At the time, the suggested retail cost was U.S. $195, while Windows retailed for $150.[29]

OS/2 two.0 provided a 32-scrap API for native programs, though the OS itself notwithstanding contained some xvi-bit code and drivers. Information technology also included a new OOUI (object-oriented user interface) chosen the Workplace Shell. This was a fully object-oriented interface that was a pregnant departure from the previous GUI. Rather than merely providing an environment for plan windows (such as the Plan Director), the Workplace Shell provided an environment in which the user could manage programs, files and devices by manipulating objects on the screen. With the Workplace Shell, everything in the organisation is an "object" to be manipulated.

DOS compatibility [edit]

OS/two ii.0 was touted by IBM equally "a better DOS than DOS and a better Windows than Windows".[xxx] Information technology managed this by including the fully-licensed MS-DOS 5.0, which had been patched and improved upon. For the get-go fourth dimension, OS/ii was able to run more than one DOS awarding at a time. This was so effective, that it allowed OS/two to run a modified copy of Windows 3.0, itself a DOS extender, including Windows 3.0 applications.

Because of the limitations of the Intel 80286 processor, Bone/2 1.x could run but 1 DOS program at a time, and did this in a style that immune the DOS program to have total control over the calculator. A problem in DOS fashion could crash the unabridged computer. In contrast, Os/2 2.0 could leverage the virtual 8086 style of the Intel 80386 processor to create a much safer virtual automobile in which to run DOS programs. This included an extensive fix of configuration options to optimize the functioning and capabilities given to each DOS program. Any existent-way operating organisation (such as 8086 Xenix) could also be made to run using OS/2's virtual machine capabilities, subject to certain straight hardware admission limitations.

Like most 32-bit environments, OS/2 could not run protected-way DOS programs using the older VCPI interface, different the Standard style of Windows three.ane; information technology only supported programs written co-ordinate to DPMI. (Microsoft discouraged the use of VCPI under Windows 3.one, all the same, due to performance degradation.)[31]

Unlike Windows NT, Os/2 always immune DOS programs the possibility of masking real hardware interrupts, so whatever DOS program could deadlock the machine in this way. OS/two could, however, use a hardware watchdog on selected machines (notably IBM machines) to break out of such a deadlock. Later, release 3.0 leveraged the enhancements of newer Intel 80486 and Intel Pentium processors—the Virtual Interrupt Flag (VIF), which was part of the Virtual Mode Extensions (VME)—to solve this trouble.

Windows 3.x compatibility [edit]

Compatibility with Windows 3.0 (and later Windows 3.1) was accomplished by adapting Windows user-mode code components to run inside a virtual DOS motorcar (VDM). Originally, a nearly consummate version of Windows code was included with OS/ii itself: Windows 3.0 in OS/2 two.0, and Windows 3.one in Bone/2 2.1. Later, IBM developed versions of Os/ii that would apply whatever Windows version the user had installed previously, patching it on the wing, and sparing the toll of an additional Windows license.[32] Information technology could either run total-screen, using its own set up of video drivers, or "seamlessly," where Windows programs would appear directly on the OS/2 desktop. The process containing Windows was given fairly extensive access to hardware, peculiarly video, and the result was that switching between a full-screen WinOS/2 session and the Workplace Trounce could occasionally crusade issues.[33]

Because Bone/2 only runs the user-mode system components of Windows, information technology is incompatible with Windows device drivers (VxDs) and applications that crave them.

Multiple Windows applications run by default in a single Windows session – multitasking cooperatively and without memory protection – just equally they would under native Windows 3.ten. Yet, to reach true isolation between Windows 3.x programs, OS/ii can too run multiple copies of Windows in parallel, with each copy residing in a separate VDM. The user can and so optionally place each program either in its ain Windows session – with preemptive multitasking and full retention protection betwixt sessions, though not within them – or allow some applications to run together cooperatively in a shared Windows session while isolating other applications in 1 or more than divide Windows sessions. At the cost of additional hardware resources, this approach can protect each program in whatever given Windows session (and each instance of Windows itself) from every other program running in whatsoever divide Windows session (though non from other programs running in the same Windows session).[34]

Whether Windows applications are running in full-screen or windowed manner, and in one Windows session or several, information technology is possible to use DDE betwixt Bone/2 and Windows applications, and OLE betwixt Windows applications only.[35]

IBM's Bone/2 for Windows product, also known every bit "OS/2, Special Edition", was interpreted as a deliberate strategy "of cashing in on the pervasive success of the Microsoft platform" simply risked confusing consumers with the notion that the product was a mere accessory or utility running on Windows such every bit Norton Desktop for Windows when, in fact, it was "a complete, modern, multi-tasking, pre-emptive operating system", itself hosting Windows instead of running on it. Available on CD-ROM or eighteen floppy disks, the product documentation reportedly suggested Windows as a prerequisite for installing the production, also existence confined to its original FAT partitioning, whereas the production evidently supported the later installation of Windows running from an HPFS division, peculiarly beneficial for users of larger hard drives. Windows compatibility, relying on patching specific memory locations, was reportedly broken past the release of Windows 3.11, prompting accusations of arbitrary changes to Windows in order to perpetrate "a deliberate deed of Microsoft demolition" against IBM's product.[34]

1994: Os/2 Warp [edit]

Os/two Warp Connect 3.0, showing the Windows iii.1 Program Managing director, QBASIC in a DOS window, and the LaunchPad (bottom center)

Released in 1994, OS/ii version 3.0 was labelled as OS/ii Warp to highlight the new performance benefits, and generally to freshen the product image. "Warp" had originally been the internal IBM proper name for the release: IBM claimed that it had used Star Trek terms as internal names for prior Os/ii releases, and that this one seemed appropriate for external employ as well. At the launch of Bone/2 Warp in 1994, Patrick Stewart was to be the Main of Ceremonies; however Kate Mulgrew[36] of the then-upcoming series Star Expedition: Voyager substituted him at the last minute.[37] [38] : p. 108

OS/2 Warp offers a host of benefits over OS/ii 2.1, notably broader hardware support, greater multimedia capabilities, Cyberspace-compatible networking, and it includes a basic role application suite known as IBM Works. It was released in ii versions: the less expensive "Cerise Spine" and the more expensive "Blueish Spine" (named for the color of their boxes). "Red Spine" was designed to support Microsoft Windows applications by utilizing whatsoever existing installation of Windows on the estimator's hard bulldoze. "Blue Spine" includes Windows back up in its ain installation, and and then can support Windows applications without a Windows installation. As about computers were sold with Microsoft Windows pre-installed and the cost was less, "Red Spine" was the more popular product.[ citation needed ] OS/2 Warp Connect—which has full LAN client back up built-in—followed in mid-1995. Warp Connect was nicknamed "Grape".[fifteen]

Firefox 3.v.4 for Os/2 Warp 4

OS/2 Warp 4 desktop after installation

In OS/2 2.0, almost performance-sensitive subsystems, including the graphics (Gre) and multimedia (MMPM/ii) systems, were updated to 32-bit code in a fixpack, and included as part of Os/ii two.1. Warp 3 brought about a fully 32-scrap windowing arrangement, while Warp 4 introduced the object-oriented 32-bit GRADD display driver model.

1996: Warp four [edit]

In 1996, Warp 4 added Coffee and speech recognition software.[39] IBM too released server editions of Warp 3 and Warp four which bundled IBM'due south LAN Server product directly into the operating arrangement installation. A personal version of Lotus Notes was also included, with a number of template databases for contact management, brainstorming, then forth. The U.k.-distributed gratuitous demo CD-ROM of Bone/ii Warp essentially contained the entire Os and was hands, fifty-fifty accidentally, cracked[ description needed ], significant that even people who liked it did not have to buy it. This was seen as a backstairs tactic to increment the number of Bone/ii users, in the belief that this would increment sales and need for tertiary-party applications, and thus strengthen Bone/ii'south desktop numbers.[ citation needed ] This proposition was bolstered past the fact that this demo version had replaced some other which was not so easily croaky, just which had been released with trial versions of various applications.[ commendation needed ] In 2000, the July edition of Australian Personal Computer magazine bundled software CD-ROMs, included a full version of Warp 4 that required no activation and was essentially a gratuitous release. Special versions of Bone/2 2.eleven and Warp four besides included symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support.

OS/2 sales were largely concentrated in networked computing used by corporate professionals; however, by the early 1990s, information technology was overtaken by Microsoft Windows NT. While OS/two was arguably technically superior to Microsoft Windows 95, OS/2 failed to develop much penetration in the consumer and stand-lone desktop PC segments; there were reports that information technology could not be installed properly on IBM'due south own Aptiva series of dwelling house PCs.[40] Microsoft made an offer in 1994 where IBM would receive the same terms as Compaq (the largest PC manufacturer at the time) for a license of Windows 95, if IBM concluded development of Os/ii completely. IBM refused and instead went with an "IBM Offset" strategy of promoting OS/2 Warp and disparaging Windows, every bit IBM aimed to drive sales of its own software as well as hardware. Past 1995, Windows 95 negotiations between IBM and Microsoft, which were already hard, stalled when IBM purchased Lotus SmartSuite, which would have directly competed with Microsoft Office. As a outcome of the dispute, IBM signed the license agreement xv minutes before Microsoft's Windows 95 launch event, which was later than their competitors and this badly injure sales of IBM PCs. IBM officials later conceded that Os/2 would non have been a viable operating system to keep them in the PC business organization.[41] [42]

Workplace OS [edit]

In 1991, IBM started development on an intended replacement for Os/2 chosen Workplace OS. This was an entirely new product, brand new lawmaking, that borrowed only a few sections of code from both the existing OS/2 and AIX products. It used an entirely new microkernel code base of operations, intended (eventually) to host several of IBM'due south operating systems (including OS/ii) as microkernel "personalities". It also included major new architectural features including a system registry, JFS, support for UNIX graphics libraries, and a new driver model.[43]

Workplace Bone was developed solely for Ability platforms, and IBM intended to market a total line of PowerPCs in an effort to have over the market from Intel. A mission was formed to create prototypes of these machines and they were disclosed to several corporate customers, all of whom raised problems with the idea of dropping Intel.

Avant-garde plans for the new code base would somewhen include replacement of the OS/400 operating system by Workplace Os, also as a microkernel production that would have been used in industries such as telecommunications and set-top television receivers.

A partially functional pre-alpha version of Workplace OS was demonstrated at Comdex, where a bemused Bill Gates stopped by the booth. The 2nd and last time it would exist shown in public was at an OS/2 user grouping in Phoenix, Arizona; the pre-alpha code refused to boot.

Information technology was released in 1995. But with $990 million being spent per year on evolution of this every bit well as Workplace OS, and no possible profit or widespread adoption, the finish of the entire Workplace Os and OS/2 product line was near.

Downsizing [edit]

A project was launched internally by IBM to evaluate the looming competitive situation with Microsoft Windows 95. Primary concerns included the major code quality issues in the existing OS/2 product (resulting in over 20 service packs, each requiring more diskettes than the original installation), and the ineffective and heavily matrixed development organization in Boca Raton (where the consultants reported that "basically, everybody reports to everybody") and Austin.

That report, tightly classified equally "Registered Confidential" and printed simply in numbered copies, identified untenable weaknesses and failures across the lath in the Personal Systems Division as well as across IBM as a whole. This resulted in a determination being fabricated at a level higher up the Sectionalization to cut over 95% of the overall budget for the entire production line, end all new evolution (including Workplace OS), eliminate the Boca Raton development lab, cease all sales and marketing efforts of the product, and lay off over 1,300 development individuals (likewise as sales and back up personnel). $990 meg had been spent in the last total yr. Warp iv became the last distributed version of Os/2.

2001: Fading out [edit]

Although a small and dedicated community remains faithful to Os/2,[44] OS/ii failed to catch on in the mass market and is petty used outside sure niches where IBM traditionally had a stronghold. For example, many depository financial institution installations, especially automated teller machines, run Os/2 with a customized user interface; French SNCF national railways used Os/two 1.x in thousands of ticket selling machines.[ citation needed ] Telecom companies such as Nortel used OS/2 in some voicemail systems. Also, OS/two was used for the host PC used to control the Satellite Operations Support System equipment installed at NPR member stations from 1994 to 2007, and used to receive the network's programming via satellite.[ citation needed ]

Although IBM began indicating soon afterward the release of Warp 4 that OS/two would somewhen be withdrawn, the company did not end support until December 31, 2006.[45] Sales of OS/ii stopped on December 23, 2005. The latest IBM OS/2 Warp version is 4.52, which was released for both desktop and server systems in Dec 2001.

IBM is still delivering defect support for a fee.[45] [46] IBM urges customers to migrate their oft highly complex applications to e-business technologies such equally Java in a platform-neutral fashion. Once application migration is completed, IBM recommends migration to a unlike operating system, suggesting Linux as an alternative.[47] [48] [49]

Third-party evolution [edit]

ArcaOS is the about contempo Bone/2-based operating organisation developed exterior of IBM.

Afterwards IBM discontinued development of OS/2, various third parties approached IBM to have over future development of the operating system. The OS/2 software vendor Stardock made such a proposal to IBM in 1999, but it was non followed through by the company.[fifty] Serenity Systems succeeded in negotiating an agreement with IBM, and began reselling OS/ii equally eComStation in 2001.[51] eComStation is at present sold by XEU.com, the nearly recent version (two.1) was released in 2011.[52] In 2015, Arca Noae, LLC appear that they had secured an agreement with IBM to resell OS/two.[8] They released the kickoff version of their Os/2-based operating system in 2017 as ArcaOS.[x] Equally of 2021, there have been multiple releases of ArcaOS, and information technology remains under active development.[53]

Petitions for open up source [edit]

Many people hoped that IBM would release OS/ii or a significant part of information technology as open up source. Petitions were held in 2005 and 2007, but IBM refused them, citing legal and technical reasons.[54] It is unlikely that the entire Os will be open at any point in the time to come because it contains third-party code to which IBM does not have copyright, and much of this code is from Microsoft. IBM also in one case engaged in a technology transfer with Commodore, licensing Amiga engineering science for Bone/2 2.0 and above, in exchange for the REXX scripting linguistic communication.[55] [ unreliable source? ] This means that Bone/2 may have some code that was not written by IBM, which tin can therefore prevent the OS from existence re-announced equally open up-sourced in the future.[56] [ failed verification ] [57] On the other hand, IBM donated Object REXX for Windows and Bone/2 to the Open Object REXX projection maintained by the REXX Linguistic communication Association on SourceForge.[58]

There was a petition, arranged past OS2World, to open parts of the OS. Open up source operating systems such as Linux have already profited from OS/2 indirectly through IBM'south release of the improved JFS file arrangement, which was ported from the OS/2 code base. Equally IBM didn't release the source of the Bone/2 JFS driver, developers ported the Linux driver back to eComStation and added the functionality to boot from a JFS segmentation. This new JFS driver has been integrated into eComStation v2.0, and later into ArcaOS 5.0.

Summary of releases [edit]

Release dates refer to the US English editions unless otherwise noted.[59] [sixty]

Engagement Version
December 1987 Bone/2 1.0
November 1988 Bone/2 1.1
Oct 1989 OS/two 1.2
December 1990 OS/ii i.iii
October 1991 Bone/2 2.0 LA (Limited Availability)
Apr 1992 Bone/2 two.0
October 1992 OS/2 2.00.1
May 1993 Os/2 2.i
November 1993 Os/2 for Windows
February 1994 Os/2 2.11
July 1994 OS/2 2.11 SMP
October 1994 Os/two Warp three
May 1995 OS/2 Warp Connect
December 1995 Bone/ii Warp, PowerPC Edition
February 1996 OS/ii Warp Server 4
September 1996 Bone/2 Warp iv
September 1996 OS/2 Warp Server Advanced SMP
November 1997 WorkSpace On-Demand 1.0
October 1998 WorkSpace On-Demand 2.0
April 1999 OS/2 Warp Server for e-Business organisation (version 4.50)
November 2000 Os/ii Convenience Pack 1 (version 4.51)
Nov 2001 OS/2 Convenience Pack 2 (version iv.52)

Features and technology [edit]

User interface [edit]

The graphic organization has a layer named Presentation Manager that manages windows, fonts, and icons. This is similar in functionality to a non-networked version of X11 or the Windows GDI. On top of this lies the Workplace Beat (WPS) introduced in OS/2 2.0. WPS is an object-oriented beat allowing the user to perform traditional calculating tasks such as accessing files, printers, launching legacy programs, and advanced object oriented tasks using built-in and third-political party awarding objects that extended the shell in an integrated fashion not available on any other mainstream operating organisation. WPS follows IBM's Mutual User Access user interface standards.

WPS represents objects such as disks, folders, files, programme objects, and printers using the System Object Model (SOM), which allows code to be shared amid applications, perhaps written in dissimilar programming languages. A distributed version called DSOM immune objects on different computers to communicate. DSOM is based on CORBA. The object oriented aspect of SOM is similar to, and a direct competitor to, Microsoft'south Component Object Model, though it is implemented in a radically different manner; for example, one of the nearly notable differences between SOM and COM is SOM's back up for inheritance (one of the most fundamental concepts of OO programming)—COM does not have such support. SOM and DSOM are no longer being adult.

The multimedia capabilities of OS/ii are attainable through Media Control Interface commands. The final update (arranged with the IBM version of Netscape Navigator plugins) added support for MPEG files. Support for newer formats such as PNG, progressive JPEG, DivX, Ogg, and MP3 comes from third parties. Sometimes information technology is integrated with the multimedia arrangement, but in other offers it comes every bit standalone applications.

Commands [edit]

The following list of commands is supported by cmd.exe on Os/2.[61] [62]

  • ansi
  • append
  • assign
  • attrib
  • backup
  • boot
  • suspension
  • enshroud
  • call
  • cd
  • chcp
  • chdir
  • chkdsk
  • cls
  • cmd
  • codepage
  • command
  • comp
  • copy
  • createdd
  • date
  • ddinstal
  • debug
  • del
  • detach
  • dir
  • diskcomp
  • diskcopy
  • doskey
  • dpath
  • eautil
  • repeat
  • endlocal
  • erase
  • leave
  • extproc
  • fdisk
  • fdiskpm
  • find
  • for
  • format
  • fsaccess
  • goto
  • graftabl
  • aid
  • if
  • join
  • keyb
  • keys
  • label
  • makeini
  • dr.
  • mem
  • mkdir
  • mode
  • more
  • move
  • patch
  • path
  • pause
  • picview
  • pmrexx
  • print
  • prompt
  • pstat
  • rd
  • recover
  • rem
  • ren
  • rename
  • replace
  • restore
  • rmdir
  • fix
  • setboot
  • setcom40
  • setlocal
  • share
  • shift
  • sort
  • spool
  • start
  • subst
  • syslevel
  • syslog
  • time
  • trace
  • tracebuf
  • tracefmt
  • tree
  • type
  • undelete
  • unpack
  • ver
  • verify
  • view
  • vmdisk
  • vol
  • xcopy

Networking [edit]

The TCP/IP stack is based on the open source BSD stack as visible with SCCS what uniform tools. IBM included tools such every bit ftp and telnet and fifty-fifty servers for both commands. IBM sold several networking extensions including NFS back up and an X11 server.

Drivers [edit]

Hardware vendors were reluctant to support device drivers for culling operating systems including OS/ii, leaving users with few choices from a select few vendors. To relieve this result for video cards, IBM licensed a reduced version of the Scitech display drivers, allowing users to choose from a wide selection of cards supported through Scitech's modular commuter design.[63]

Virtualization [edit]

OS/2 has historically been more hard to run in a virtual machine than most other legacy x86 operating systems because of its all-encompassing reliance on the total set of features of the x86 CPU; in item, OS/ii'due south employ of band 2 prevented information technology from running in early versions of VMware.[64] Newer versions of VMware provide official back up for OS/two, specifically for eComStation.[65]

VirtualPC from Microsoft (originally Connectix) has been able to run Bone/ii without hardware virtualization support for many years. It also provided "additions" code which profoundly improves host–invitee OS interactions in OS/two. The additions are not provided with the current version of VirtualPC, but the version last included with a release may still be used with current releases. At ane indicate, Os/two was a supported host for VirtualPC in addition to a guest. Note that OS/2 runs only every bit a invitee on those versions of VirtualPC that use virtualization (x86 based hosts) and not those doing total emulation (VirtualPC for Mac).

VirtualBox from Oracle Corporation (originally InnoTek, afterward Sun) supports Bone/2 ane.x, Warp 3 through 4.v, and eComStation every bit well every bit "Other OS/2" equally guests. Withal, attempting to run Os/2 and eComStation tin can still be hard, if not impossible, because of the strict requirements of VT-x/AMD-V hardware-enabled virtualization and only ACP2/MCP2 is reported to work in a reliable manner.[66]

ArcaOS supports being run as a virtual machine guest inside VirtualBox, VMware ESXi and VMWare Workstation.[67] It ships with VirtualBox Guest Additions, and driver improvements to ameliorate performance every bit a guest operating system.[68]

The difficulties in efficiently running OS/2 take, at least once, created an opportunity for a new virtualization visitor. A big depository financial institution in Moscow needed a mode to use OS/2 on newer hardware that Os/2 did not support. As virtualization software is an easy way around this, the company desired to run OS/ii under a hypervisor. Once it was determined that VMware was non a possibility, information technology hired a group of Russian software developers to write a host-based hypervisor that would officially support Os/two. Thus, the Parallels, Inc. visitor and their Parallels Workstation production was born.[69]

Security niche [edit]

OS/2 has few native computer viruses;[70] while it is not invulnerable past blueprint, its reduced market share appears to have discouraged virus writers. There are, however, Os/2-based antivirus programs, dealing with DOS viruses and Windows viruses that could pass through an OS/2 server.[71]

Issues [edit]

Some problems were classic subjects of comparison with other operating systems:

  • Synchronous input queue (SIQ): if a GUI application was not servicing its window messages, the entire GUI system could get stuck and a reboot was required. This problem was considerably reduced with later Warp 3 fixpacks and refined by Warp 4, past taking command over the awarding afterwards it had not responded for several seconds.[72] [73] :565
  • No unified object handles (OS/two v2.11 and earlier): The availability of threads probably led organisation designers to overlook mechanisms which allow a single thread to expect for different types of asynchronous events at the same time, for example the keyboard and the mouse in a "panel" program. Even though select was added later, it only worked on network sockets. In instance of a console program, dedicating a split up thread for waiting on each source of events made it difficult to properly release all the input devices before starting other programs in the same "session". As a outcome, console programs usually polled the keyboard and the mouse alternately, which resulted in wasted CPU and a characteristic "jerky" reactivity to user input. In Bone/2 three.0 IBM introduced a new call for this specific problem.[74]

Historical uses [edit]

Os/two has been widely used in Islamic republic of iran Export Bank (Bank Saderat Islamic republic of iran) in their teller machines, ATMs and local servers (over 30,000 working stations). Every bit of 2011, the depository financial institution moved to virtualize and renew their infrastructure past moving Bone/ii to Virtual Machines running over Windows.

Os/2 was widely used in Brazilian banks. Banco practice Brasil had a summit 10,000 machines running Bone/2 Warp in the 1990s. OS/ii was used in automated teller machines until 2006. The workstations and automated teller machines and attendant computers have been migrated to Linux.[75]

An ATM in Commonwealth of australia revealing during a reboot that it is based on Os/2 Warp

OS/2 has been used in the cyberbanking industry. Suncorp banking concern in Australia nonetheless ran its ATM network on OS/two as late every bit 2002. ATMs at Perisher Blue used Bone/ii equally late as 2009, and even the turn of the decade.[76]

Bone/2 was widely adopted by accounting professionals and auditing companies. In mid-1990s native 32-bit accounting software were well developed and serving corporate markets.

OS/2 ran the faulty baggage handling system at Denver International Aerodrome. The Os was somewhen scrapped, simply the software written for the system led to massive delays in the opening of the new aerodrome. The Os itself was not at mistake, but the software written to run on the Os was. The luggage handling arrangement was eventually removed.

Os/ii was used by radio personality Howard Stern. He once had a ten-minute on-air rant nearly Os/two versus Windows 95 and recommended Os/2. He likewise used OS/two on his IBM 760CD laptop.

OS/2 was used every bit function of the Satellite Operations Back up System (SOSS) for NPR's Public Radio Satellite Organization. SOSS was a computer-controlled system using Os/2 that NPR member stations used to receive programming feeds via satellite. SOSS was introduced in 1994 using Os/2 three.0, and was retired in 2007, when NPR switched over to its successor, the ContentDepot.

OS/2 was used to control the SkyTrain automatic calorie-free runway system in Vancouver, Canada until the late 2000s when it was replaced by Windows XP.

OS/2 was used in the London Underground Jubilee Line Extension Signals Control System (JLESCS) in London, England. This control system delivered by Alcatel was in use from 1999 to 2011 i.e. between abandonment before opening of the line'south unimplemented original automatic train control system and the present SelTrac arrangement. JLESCS did not provide automatic railroad train operation only manual train supervision. 6 OS/two local site computers were distributed along the railway between Stratford and Westminster, the shunting tower at Stratford Marketplace Depot, and several formed the central equipment located at Neasden Depot. It was once intended to embrace the rest of the line between Green Park and Stanmore but this was never introduced.

Os/2 has been used by The Co-operative Banking concern in the UK for its domestic call centre staff, using a bespoke program created to access customer accounts which cannot hands be migrated to Windows.

OS/2 has been used by the Stop & Shop supermarket chain (and has been installed in new stores as recently equally March 2010).

OS/two has been used on ticket machines for Tramlink in outer-London.

OS/2 has been used in New York City's subway system for MetroCards.[77] Rather than interfacing with the user, it connects elementary computers and the mainframes. When NYC MTA finishes its transition to contactless payment, OS/2 will be removed.[78]

OS/2 was used in checkout systems at Safeway supermarkets.[77]

Bone/2 was used by Trenitalia, both for the desktops at Ticket Counters and for the Automatic Ticket Counters up to 2011. Incidentally, the Automatic Ticket Counters with Bone/ii were more reliable than the current ones running a flavour of Windows.[ citation needed ]

Os/2 was used as the main operating system for Abbey National Full general Insurance motor and dwelling house direct call centre products using the PMSC Series Iii insurance platform on DB2.2 from 1996-2001.

Awards [edit]

BYTE in 1989 listed Bone/two every bit amidst the "Excellence" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that information technology "is today where the Macintosh was in 1984: It's a development platform in search of developers". The magazine predicted that "When information technology's consummate and bug-free, when it tin actually utilize the 80386, and when more than desktops sport Os/2-capable PCs, OS/two will—equitably—supersede DOS. But fifty-fifty equally it stands, OS/two is a milestone product".[79]

In March 1995 OS/2 won seven awards[80]

  • InfoWorld Production of the Year.[81]
  • Five Awards at CeBIT.
    • PC Professional Magazine - Innovation of the Twelvemonth honour.
    • CHIP Magazine named Os/2 Warp the Operating Organization of the Year.
    • DOS International named Bone/two Warp the Operating System of the Year.
    • 1+1 Magazine awarded it with the Software Marketing Quality laurels.
    • Industrie Forum awarded it with its Design Excellence.
  • SPA Best Business Software Laurels.

IBM products utilizing Os/two [edit]

IBM has used Bone/two in a broad diverseness of hardware products, effectively as a form of embedded operating organisation.

Product Product Type Usage of Bone/2
IBM 3494 Tape Library Used as the operating organisation for the Library Manager (LM) that controlled the record accessor (robot)[82]
IBM 3745 Communications Controller Used as the operating system for the Service Processor (SP) and if installed, the Network Node Processor (NNP).[83]
IBM 3890 Document Processor The 3890/XP1 was appear November 12, 1988. It initially used Bone/2 1.1 Extended Edition[84] on a PS/2 Model 80 to emulate the stacker control software that previously ran on a Organization/360. IBM after switched to OS/two Warp.[85]
IBM 473x ATM Used in a range of Automatic Teller Machines manufactured past IBM. Was also used in afterward 478x ATMs manufactured with Diebold.
IBM 9672 Mainframe Used as the operating system for the Support Element (SE).[86] Was also used in afterwards mainframe models such equally the IBM 2064 and 2074.[87]

Run into also [edit]

  • History of the graphical user interface
  • Multiple Virtual DOS Automobile (MVDM) - OS/2 virtual DOS machine and seamless Windows integration
  • OpenDoc – Software componentry framework standard
  • System Object Model
  • Team Bone/2
  • Windows Libraries for Os/2
  • LAN Manager

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Further reading [edit]

  • Harvey M. Deitel and Michael Southward. Kogan (1992). The Blueprint of Bone/2. Addison-Wesley. ISBN0-201-54889-5.
  • Letwin, Gordon (1988). Inside OS/2. Microsoft Press. ISBNane-55615-117-ix.
  • Pascal, Zachary (1994). Showstopper! The Breakneck Race to Create Windows NT and the Next Generation at Microsoft. Warner Books. ISBN0-02-935671-7.
  • Peter Moylan (2004-07-23). "Some central Os/two concepts".
  • Michal Necasek (2005-12-03). "OS/ii Warp, PowerPC Edition". The History of OS/2. Archived from the original on August 12, 2010. Retrieved April x, 2013. —Necasek discusses an aborted port to PowerPC machines.
  • Reimer, Jeremy. "Half an operating system: The triumph and tragedy of OS/2". Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 12 Dec 2013.

External links [edit]

  • os2world.com – Community of Bone/2 users
  • ecomstation.ru – Customs of eComStation and OS/2 users
  • netlabs.org – OpenSource Software for OS/2 and eCS
  • OS/2 FAQ
  • hobbes.nmsu.edu – The OS/2 software repository
  • EDM/two – The source for OS/2 developers
  • eCSoft/2 – The Bone/ii and eComstation software guide
  • osFree an open source projection to build an Bone/2 clone operating organisation
  • Voyager Project, a defunct project to reimplement Bone/2 on modernistic technology
  • Bone/two to Linux API porting project
  • Open Source OS/2 API implementation for Windows
  • Microsoft documentation of Bone/2 API compatibility with Windows NT
  • The History of OS/two
  • Technical details of Bone/2
  • Os/two Warp 4 Installation and Update Transmission; with boot disks and many links

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2

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